[
  {"haplogroup":"A-PR2921","date":"232,000 BCE","title":"The First Father","place":"Shum Laka, Northwest Cameroon","latitude":5.858611,"longitude":10.077778,"phase":"deep","precision":"Ancient-DNA anchor; ancestral birthplace unknown","summary":"FamilyTreeDNA places Y-Chromosomal Adam possibly near present-day Cameroon. Shum Laka supplies the strongest named geographic anchor: a roughly 3,000-year-old male there carried A00, the deepest surviving branch below A-PR2921. This does not prove that the A-PR2921 ancestor lived at Shum Laka.","sources":[{"label":"FamilyTreeDNA ancestral-path explanation","url":"https://blog.familytreedna.com/ancestral-path/"},{"label":"Lipson et al., Nature (Shum Laka ancient DNA)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1"}]},
  {"haplogroup":"CT-M168","date":"68,000 BCE","title":"Eurasian Founder","place":"Red Sea out-of-Africa corridor","latitude":20.0,"longitude":38.0,"phase":"deep","precision":"Broad migration-corridor point","summary":"The timeline describes movement through the Horn of Africa or Sinai; this point does not select one route."},
  {"haplogroup":"F-M89","date":"45,000 BCE","title":"Eurasian Hub","place":"Near East / western Asia","latitude":35.0,"longitude":43.0,"phase":"deep","precision":"Broad regional representative point","summary":"Representative point for the timeline's Near Eastern and western Asian context."},
  {"haplogroup":"K-M9","date":"40,000 BCE","title":"Pan-Eurasian Clan","place":"Ust’-Ishim, western Siberia","latitude":57.693,"longitude":71.166,"phase":"deep","precision":"Downstream ancient-DNA anchor; node origin uncertain","summary":"The approximately 45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim man carried K2a, a downstream branch of K-M9. His findspot is a physical anchor for an early K lineage, not proof that K-M9 originated here.","sources":[{"label":"Fu et al., Nature (Ust’-Ishim genome)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13810"}]},
  {"haplogroup":"P-M45","date":"30,000 BCE","title":"Steppe and Siberia","place":"Yana RHS, northeastern Siberia","latitude":70.716667,"longitude":135.416667,"phase":"deep","precision":"Direct ancient-DNA anchor","summary":"Two roughly 31,600-year-old males from Yana RHS carried P1 (P-M45), directly anchoring this haplogroup in northeastern Siberia by that date.","sources":[{"label":"Sikora et al., Nature (Yana ancient DNA)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z"}]},
  {"haplogroup":"R-M207","date":"27,000 BCE","title":"Root of R1 and R2","place":"Mal’ta, Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia","latitude":52.85,"longitude":103.53,"phase":"deep","precision":"Direct ancient-DNA anchor","summary":"The approximately 24,000-year-old Mal’ta boy MA-1 carried basal R (R-M207*), providing a direct archaeological anchor near Lake Baikal.","sources":[{"label":"Raghavan et al., Nature (Mal’ta genome)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12736"}]},
  {"haplogroup":"R-M269","date":"4450 BCE","title":"Yamnaya-era ancestor","place":"Lower Volga–Caucasus steppe","latitude":47.0,"longitude":44.0,"phase":"recorded","precision":"Best-supported source region; exact founder population unresolved","summary":"R-M269 dominates sampled Core Yamnaya males. Recent ancient-DNA work narrows the relevant formation zone to the Lower Volga–Caucasus steppe, while noting that the precise R-L23 founder population remains unsampled.","sources":[{"label":"Lazaridis et al., Nature (Indo-European origins)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08531-5"}]},
  {"haplogroup":"R-Z17","date":"2000 BCE","title":"Nordic Bronze Age","place":"Southern Scandinavia / western Baltic","latitude":56.0,"longitude":12.0,"phase":"migration","precision":"Broad regional representative point","summary":"The timeline associates early Z17 carriers with southern Scandinavia and the western Baltic.","anchor":"R-Z17"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-S20045","date":"250 BCE","title":"Late Pre-Roman Iron Age","place":"Jutland","latitude":56.25,"longitude":9.5,"phase":"bottleneck","precision":"Interpretive regional representative point","summary":"The timeline places the inferred bottleneck in a marginal Jutland community; no ancient DNA below this node is cited.","anchor":"R-S20045"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-BY139800","date":"50 BCE","title":"Recovery Phase","place":"Jutland / Elbe corridor","latitude":54.3,"longitude":10.1,"phase":"migration","precision":"Interpretive regional representative point","summary":"Schematic point for the Jutland and Elbe setting used by the timeline.","anchor":"R-BY139800"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-S14827","date":"350 CE","title":"Migration Period","place":"North Sea migration corridor","latitude":55.4,"longitude":5.0,"phase":"migration","precision":"Interpretive migration-corridor point","summary":"The timeline describes a gateway to later British branches; the point is a corridor marker, not an ancestral residence.","anchor":"R-S14827"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-FT4811","date":"1050 CE","title":"High Medieval","place":"Britain","latitude":53.4,"longitude":-1.5,"phase":"recorded","precision":"Country-level interpretive point","summary":"The project timeline treats this as the shared medieval British root of several modern surname groups.","anchor":"R-FT4811"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-FT32941","date":"1180 CE","title":"Post-Conquest","place":"Duffield, Derbyshire","latitude":52.987,"longitude":-1.489,"phase":"recorded","precision":"Settlement point; lineage placement interpretive","summary":"The timeline associates this upstream node with the Duffield branch and castle context; Y-DNA alone does not prove residence.","anchor":"R-FT32941"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-FT25406","date":"1450 CE","title":"Late Medieval","place":"Stirling–Renfrewshire–Glasgow corridor","latitude":55.96,"longitude":-4.15,"phase":"recorded","precision":"Regional corridor representative point","summary":"The timeline identifies this as the earliest Glasgow-surname node and gives this geographic focus.","anchor":"R-FT25406"},
  {"haplogroup":"R-FT20271","date":"1650 CE","title":"Early Modern","place":"Ulster","latitude":54.72,"longitude":-6.55,"phase":"recorded","precision":"Province-level representative point","summary":"Representative point for the timeline's Ulster-based branch; it does not assign the mutation to a particular Irish family.","anchor":"R-FT20271"}
]