Glasgow Surname Project

Individual research record

Elizabeth (Black) Glasgow

c. 1817 – 1892-05-03

Black-23222 · 1 mapped association

Ireland→New Brunswick, Canada
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At a glance

Identity & family

Tree links organise the family; documentary status still varies.

1Mapped records
5Close relations
7Evidence items
11Candidate leads
Birth
c. 1817 · Ireland
Death
1892-05-03 · New Brunswick, Canada
Parents
Not recorded
Spouses
Hugh Glasgow
Children
Ada (Glasgow) AtchesonAlfred GlasgowChanning GlasgowEdwin C Glasgow
Gender
Female
WikiTree
Black-23222
Research clusters
Ireland One-Tree profile leads
Mapped descendants
4

Comparison context

These child positions and checks are the subject details used to rank possible parents below.

Naming sequence used by the parentage model

Paternal grandfather positionEdwin C Glasgow (1849)
Maternal grandfather positionChanning Glasgow (1850)
Maternal grandmother positionAda (Glasgow) Atcheson (1852)
Paternal grandmother positionNot identifiable from dated child profiles

Known-position checks: 0 support · 2 conflict. Ordinals retain unnamed children and recognise reused names.

Relationship comparison

Potential parents or duplicates

Compare scored leads with the subject details above—not proof.

Higher-signal leadReview carefullyWeak lead

Possible mothers3 leads

Automated fit0/100
Chronology-Only Fallback
Dates1809–1851Generationnominally 8 years; approximate dates permit about 15–18 years age gapRecorded placesAdams, Ohio, United StatesIndependent clue breadth · 2Age · Two-GenerationCurrent relationshipNot currently linked as parent
Strongest signals
  • the nominal 8-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–18 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 40 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); candidate is recorded only outside the subject's birth country (−25)

Show complete scoring
  • the nominal 8-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–18 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 40 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

Deductions and cautions: parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); candidate is recorded only outside the subject's birth country (−25)

Automated fit0/100
Chronology-Only Fallback
Dates1809–1881Generationnominally 8 years; approximate dates permit about 15–18 years age gapRecorded placesWest Union, Adams, Ohio, United States · Fairfield, Jefferson, Iowa, United StatesIndependent clue breadth · 2Age · Two-GenerationCurrent relationshipNot currently linked as parent
Strongest signals
  • the nominal 8-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–18 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 40 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); candidate is recorded only outside the subject's birth country (−25)

Show complete scoring
  • the nominal 8-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–18 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 40 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

Deductions and cautions: parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); candidate is recorded only outside the subject's birth country (−25)

Show 1 lower-scoring possible mothers
Automated fit0/100
Chronology-Only Fallback
Dates1807–1880Generationnominally 10 years; approximate dates permit about 15–20 years age gapRecorded placesIreland, United Kingdom · Aurelius, Cayuga, New York, United States · Ireland — exact locality unprovedIndependent clue breadth · 2Age · Two-GenerationCurrent relationshipNot currently linked as parent
Strongest signals
  • the nominal 10-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–20 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 42 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); same country, but no indexed locality overlap (−10)

Show complete scoring
  • the nominal 10-year gap is too small, but the approximate birth date permits a narrow biologically viable interval (15–20 years) (+4)
  • candidate's birth is 42 years before the subject's earliest dated child (1849), a compatible grandparent-generation interval (+4)

Deductions and cautions: parentage requires the approximate birth estimate to be early enough (no deduction); same country, but no indexed locality overlap (−10)

How parent leads are calculated

Automated leads use birth surnames—not married surnames—as parental eligibility, role-specific biological age limits, bounded and approximate-date uncertainty, household chronology, specific time-aware localities, mapped distance, tenancy succession, migration destinations and sex-aware Scottish naming positions across generations. People already attached as the subject's parents stay in the identity summary and are excluded from this alternative-candidate list, regardless of relationship confidence. The main calibration uses clues available on disconnected profiles; existing parent and sibling links are retained as comparison context rather than treated as transferable evidence. Common ordered names and grandparent-to-child echoes receive a small non-zero weight, so a John or James match can support several independent criteria without producing a lead alone. Rare names, repeated bearers and bundles across otherwise distinct branches receive substantially more weight according to catalogue frequency. An exact migration place is weighted by its rarity and repetition across both branches; a shared destination country is worth only one point. Extra weight is added only when at least three independent clue types converge: naming, locality, specific migration, household chronology or collateral networks. Sparse profiles retain a clearly labelled chronology-only fallback instead of disappearing. Countries, states, counties and research clusters do not count as a shared locality, and fallback, broad representative or kin-inferred coordinates are excluded from distance scoring. Shared descendant profiles are removed before branch-name comparison. A candidate already recorded as a parent-in-law is excluded. A confident or independently supported parent is treated as settled; uncertain and unassessed attachments remain open to alternative comparison. A different linked parent, an uncle/aunt or grandparent path, and a matching existing child profile prevent an alternative from being classified as a strong direct-parent lead until the underlying tree conflict or duplicate is resolved. Familiar forms such as Bessie are normalised. Surname remains an eligibility filter worth zero points.

Naming customs, shared farms and occupations are circumstantial. Children, spouses and collateral relatives may be missing, and tree-derived family networks are not independent evidence. Scores rank research leads; they do not prove parentage.

Automated fit68/100
Similar Person
Dates1817–?PlacesIreland → IrelandParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • same birth year (+30)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

No indexed conflict

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • same birth year (+30)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

Conflicts: No indexed conflict

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit43/100
Similar Person
Dates1819–?PlacesGorbals, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, United KingdomParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 2 (+25)

No indexed conflict

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 2 (+25)

Conflicts: No indexed conflict

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit40/100
Similar Person
Dates1802–?PlacesPlaces not recordedParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 15 (+2)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

No indexed conflict

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 15 (+2)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

Conflicts: No indexed conflict

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit38/100
Similar Person
Dates1785–?PlacesIreland → CanadaParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

record-derived birth estimates differ by 32; retained without deduction

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

Conflicts: record-derived birth estimates differ by 32; retained without deduction

Open side-by-side comparison
Show 4 lower-scoring duplicate lead(s)
Automated fit38/100
Similar Person
Dates1786–?PlacesIrelandParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

record-derived birth estimates differ by 31; retained without deduction

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

Conflicts: record-derived birth estimates differ by 31; retained without deduction

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit38/100
Similar Person
Dates1824–1891PlacesPennsylvania, United States → Pennsylvania, United StatesParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 7 (+10)
  • death years within 1 (+10)

No indexed conflict

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 7 (+10)
  • death years within 1 (+10)

Conflicts: No indexed conflict

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit38/100
Similar Person
Dates1875–?PlacesCounty Antrim, IrelandParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

record-derived birth estimates differ by 58; retained without deduction

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • shared recorded place (+20)

Conflicts: record-derived birth estimates differ by 58; retained without deduction

Open side-by-side comparison
Automated fit36/100
Similar Person
Dates1812–?PlacesEdinburgh, Edinburghshire, Scotland, United KingdomParent comparisonNo shared parent is indexed
Why it may fit
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 5 (+18)

No indexed conflict

Full comparison detail
  • same first and last name (+18)
  • birth years within 5 (+18)

Conflicts: No indexed conflict

Open side-by-side comparison
How duplicate leads are calculated

Dates are eligibility gates, not merely deductions: chronologically impossible people are excluded. Dates, places, spouses, parent certainty and children's profiles and names are then compared. A high score is a prompt to inspect records, not a merge recommendation.

Open only what you need

Research & records

Life and record timelineChronological mapped occurrences and their underlying sources.1 record
Evidence assessmentWhat is supported, uncertain or disputed in the current case model.6 claims
6Unknown
1Tree Only

Documented or strongly supported

No claims in this category have been formally assessed.

Working hypotheses and conflicts

No claims in this category have been formally assessed.

Research questionsOpen problems, missing bridges and the next records to inspect.0 open

No formal open question is recorded for this person.

Sources and provenanceStructured citations and source-quality classifications.7 sources

Source or provenance: quality describes the record layer, not every conclusion drawn from it.

  1. unknown - note incorrect states she was the wife of Hugh Adam Glasgow (abt.1834-)
  2. unknown Burial: "Acadia, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1757-1946" Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow burial in 1888-1894 in Acadie (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
  3. unknown Tentative Passenger List: "Massachusetts, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963" The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Series Title: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving At Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891; NAI Number: M277; Record Group Title: Records of the U.s. Customs Service; Record Group Number: 36; Series Number: M277; NARA Roll Number: 017 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Name: Betse
  4. unknown 1871 Census: "1871 Census of Canada" Year: 1871; Census Place: Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick; Roll: C-10374; Page: 56 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (52), married in Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
  5. unknown 1881 Census: "1881 Census of Canada" Year: 1881; Census Place: Ward Brook, Saint John City, New Brunswick; Roll: C_13178; Page: 48; Family No: 239 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (63), married in New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
  6. unknown 1891 Census: "1891 Census of Canada" Year: 1891; Census Place: Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada; Roll: T-6303; Family No: 181 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (65), wife, in household of Hugh Glasgow (82) in Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada. Born in Ireland.
  7. tree_only WikiTree profile export for Black-23222
Technical profile and raw captureDataset metadata, machine dossier and captured WikiTree biography.Advanced

WikiTree profile information

Dataset: ONT_Glasco_2026-08-18T16_05.json · generated 2026-08-20

Machine-readable dossier

WikiTree biography, citations and relationship snapshot

Black-23222 was captured 2026-08-07T09:54:35+00:00; WikiTree profile revision 2025-08-10.

Profile location claims

EventDateLocationStatus
birth—IrelandWikiTree profile field
death—New Brunswick, CanadaWikiTree profile field

Immediate relationship snapshot

RelationshipPersonWikiTree IDDates and places returned
ChildrenEdwin C GlasgowGlasgow-25481849-00-00 · New Brunswick · 0000-00-00
ChildrenChanning GlasgowGlasgow-25531850-00-00 · New Brunswick · 0000-00-00
ChildrenAda AtchesonGlasgow-25491852-07-22 · New Brunswick · 1932-04-19
ChildrenAlfred GlasgowGlasgow-25501856-00-00 · New Brunswick · 1915-00-00 · Denver, Colorado, United States
SpousesHugh GlasgowGlasgow-25401805-00-00 · Gortin, Derryloran, Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland · 1899-11-30 · Carleton, Yarmouth, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada · 0000-00-00

Profile categories

Cedar Hill Cemetery, Saint John, New Brunswick Cedar_Hill_Cemetery,_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick New Brunswick, Black Name Study New_Brunswick,_Black_Name_Study

Record-bearing passages

  • Biography Elizabeth was born about 1817. She passed away in 1892. - note incorrect states she was the wife of Hugh Adam Glasgow (abt.1834-)
  • Burial: "Acadia, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1757-1946" Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow burial in 1888-1894 in Acadie (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). Research Notes Maiden name known from daughter Ada's death certificate.

  • Further research required to check if "Betsey Black" on the passenger list below with Hugh is the same person. The age is about 8 years off from the stated age at death on Elizabeth Glasgow's death record. Sources

    • Tentative Passenger List: "Massachusetts, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963" The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Series Title: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving At Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891; NAI Number: M277; Record Group Title: Records of the U.s. Customs Service; Record Group Number: 36; Series Number: M277; NARA Roll Number: 017 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Name: Betsey Black; Gender: Female; Arrival Age: 18; Birth Date: abt 1825; Departure Place: Saint George, New Brunswick; Arrival Date: 31 Oct 1843; Arrival Place: Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ship: Amethyst.
    • 1871 Census: "1871 Census of Canada" Year: 1871; Census Place: Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick; Roll: C-10374; Page: 56 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (52), married in Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
    • 1881 Census: "1881 Census of Canada" Year: 1881; Census Place: Ward Brook, Saint John City, New Brunswick; Roll: C_13178; Page: 48; Family No: 239 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (63), married in New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
    • 1891 Census: "1891 Census of Canada" Year: 1891; Census Place: Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada; Roll: T-6303; Family No: 181 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (65), wife, in household of Hugh Glasgow (82) in Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada. Born in Ireland.

Profile source citations

  1. - note incorrect states she was the wife of Hugh Adam Glasgow (abt.1834-)
  2. Burial: "Acadia, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1757-1946" Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow burial in 1888-1894 in Acadie (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
  3. Tentative Passenger List: "Massachusetts, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963" The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Series Title: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving At Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891; NAI Number: M277; Record Group Title: Records of the U.s. Customs Service; Record Group Number: 36; Series Number: M277; NARA Roll Number: 017 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Name: Betsey Black; Gender: Female; Arrival Age: 18; Birth Date: abt 1825; Departure Place: Saint George, New Brunswick; Arrival Date: 31 Oct 1843; Arrival Place: Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ship: Amethyst.
  4. 1871 Census: "1871 Census of Canada" Year: 1871; Census Place: Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick; Roll: C-10374; Page: 56 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (52), married in Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
  5. 1881 Census: "1881 Census of Canada" Year: 1881; Census Place: Ward Brook, Saint John City, New Brunswick; Roll: C_13178; Page: 48; Family No: 239 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (63), married in New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
  6. 1891 Census: "1891 Census of Canada" Year: 1891; Census Place: Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada; Roll: T-6303; Family No: 181 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (65), wife, in household of Hugh Glasgow (82) in Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada. Born in Ireland.
Full captured biography text
Biography
Elizabeth was born about 1817. She passed away in 1892.
 - note incorrect states she was the wife of Hugh Adam Glasgow (abt.1834-) 
 
Burial:
"Acadia, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1757-1946" 
Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin 
 - (accessed 6 January 2023) 
Elizabeth Glasgow burial in 1888-1894 in Acadie (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
Research Notes
Maiden name known from daughter Ada's death certificate.

Further research required to check if "Betsey Black" on the passenger list below with Hugh is the same person. The age is about 8 years off from the stated age at death on Elizabeth Glasgow's death record.
Sources
* Tentative Passenger List: "Massachusetts, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963" The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Series Title: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving At Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891; NAI Number: M277; Record Group Title: Records of the U.s. Customs Service; Record Group Number: 36; Series Number: M277; NARA Roll Number: 017 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Name: Betsey Black; Gender: Female; Arrival Age: 18; Birth Date: abt 1825; Departure Place: Saint George, New Brunswick; Arrival Date: 31 Oct 1843; Arrival Place: Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ship: Amethyst.
* 1871 Census: "1871 Census of Canada" Year: 1871; Census Place: Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick; Roll: C-10374; Page: 56 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (52), married in Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
* 1881 Census: "1881 Census of Canada" Year: 1881; Census Place: Ward Brook, Saint John City, New Brunswick; Roll: C_13178; Page: 48; Family No: 239 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (63), married in New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
* 1891 Census: "1891 Census of Canada" Year: 1891; Census Place: Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada; Roll: T-6303; Family No: 181 - (accessed 6 January 2023) Elizabeth Glasgow (65), wife, in household of Hugh Glasgow (82) in Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada. Born in Ireland.
Raw WikiTree biography markup
[[Category:New Brunswick, Black Name Study]]
[[Category:Cedar Hill Cemetery, Saint John, New Brunswick]]
== Biography ==
{{Ireland Native}}
Elizabeth was born about 1817.  She passed away in 1892.
<ref>{{FindAGrave|206402405}} - note incorrect states she was the wife of [[Glasgow-2545|Hugh Adam Glasgow (abt.1834-)]]</ref>
<ref>
'''Burial''':
"Acadia, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1757-1946"<br/>
Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin<br/>
{{Ancestry Sharing|1017244|13e932b8c9f9ab0769c713b1cb709b9fdb51f9b8a679783a95b94ed360f8cb13}} - {{Ancestry Record|1110|712897}} (accessed 6 January 2023)<br/>
Elizabeth Glasgow burial in 1888-1894 in Acadie (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
</ref>

== Research Notes ==
Maiden name known from daughter Ada's death certificate.

Further research required to check if "Betsey Black" on the passenger list below with Hugh is the same person.  The age is about 8 years off from the stated age at death on Elizabeth Glasgow's death record.

== Sources ==
<references />
* '''Tentative Passenger List''': "Massachusetts, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1820-1963"<br/>The National Archives in Washington, DC; Washington, DC; Series Title: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving At Boston, Massachusetts, 1820-1891; NAI Number: M277; Record Group Title: Records of the U.s. Customs Service; Record Group Number: 36; Series Number: M277; NARA Roll Number: 017<br/>{{Ancestry Sharing|1017217|0761ec030d841d7a587d63bf2ded21981325604d76040c9981a0f78d29328310}} - {{Ancestry Record|8745|3725316}} (accessed 6 January 2023)<br/>Name: Betsey Black; Gender: Female; Arrival Age: 18; Birth Date: abt 1825; Departure Place: Saint George, New Brunswick; Arrival Date: 31 Oct 1843; Arrival Place: Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ship: Amethyst.
* '''1871 Census''': "1871 Census of Canada"<br/>Year: 1871; Census Place: Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick; Roll: C-10374; Page: 56<br/>{{Ancestry Sharing|1017211|7dcffa2e2fe3456ec69175f7d9820f6fb5d801958fd1496000d64637e38b2142}} - {{Ancestry Record|1578|2667037}} (accessed 6 January 2023)<br/>Elizabeth Glasgow (52), married in Brook Ward, Saint John, New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
* '''1881 Census''': "1881 Census of Canada"<br/>Year: 1881; Census Place: Ward Brook, Saint John City, New Brunswick; Roll: C_13178; Page: 48; Family No: 239<br/>{{Ancestry Sharing|1017239|e221bd7769b936ba0b2d2dba5a79c90692d593ac01567ecc56a0f41f0526d80b}} - {{Ancestry Record|1577|2166201}} (accessed 6 January 2023)<br/>Elizabeth Glasgow (63), married in New Brunswick. Born in Ireland.
* '''1891 Census''': "1891 Census of Canada"<br/>Year: 1891; Census Place: Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada; Roll: T-6303; Family No: 181<br/>{{Ancestry Sharing|1017206|df30536cb37411cbd198fc9b8ffbb83b46c2f554163c1940173c638a0a0c0d75}} - {{Ancestry Record|1274|1216005}} (accessed 6 January 2023)<br/>Elizabeth Glasgow (65), wife, in household of Hugh Glasgow (82) in Brooke Ward, Saint John City, New Brunswick, Canada. Born in Ireland.